Retraction and Appeal Policy

Retractions: Articles may be retracted for serious errors, ethical misconduct, or plagiarism. A retraction notice will clearly state the reasons for retraction.

Corrections: Minor errors that do not affect the research conclusions will be corrected through an erratum.

Appeals: Authors may appeal editorial decisions by submitting a detailed justification. Appeals are reviewed by an independent panel of editors who were not involved in the original decision.